Oware
Uhlobo lomdlalo: Two-row mancala with optional stores (Ghana / West Africa) — single-lap counter-clockwise sowing, origin-skipping on full laps, backward-chaining captures on opponent pits reaching two or three seeds, mandatory opponent feeding, and grand-slam capture forfeitures.
Uhlolojikelele
Ibungazwa njengomdlalo kazwelonke waseGhana, u-Oware (ohunyushwa ngokuthi Ɔware ngesi-Akan) umi njengowomdabu owaziwayo futhi odlalwa kakhulu emhlabeni.Inqamule i-Atlantic ngesikhathi sokuhweba ngezigqila e-atlantic, igeyimu yasungula amasiko odade anempilo kulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga ne-Central Africa, i-Caribbean (njenge-Antigua, i-Barbados, i-Cuba, ne-Saint Lucia), kanye naseNingizimu Melika (i-Guyana, i-Suriname, ne-Brazil).Amagugu ayo amasiko ahlehla emakhulwini eminyaka adlule: Izibalo zika-Oware zazigqama ekhulwini le-13 Epic of Sundjata, elandisa ngokusungulwa koMbuso WaseMali, futhi yabhalwa ngumhwebi ongumNgisi ongumhloli uRichard Jobson ngasemfuleni iGambia ohambweni lwakhe lwango-1620 (lwanyatheliswa ku-@@MT223@,1).
Emdlalweni wamanje, u-Oware udlondlobele waba umdlalo wengqondo ovunyelwe umhlaba wonke, ompetha abaqhudelana emiqhudelwaneni yaminyaka yonke eNtshonalanga Afrika yonke, i-Europe (okubandakanya i-England, i-France, iJalimane ne-Spain), kanye ne-Caribbean.Isethi yemithetho yakudala ekhonjiswa emqhudelwaneni onzima yaziwa ngokuthi Abapa ("ukudlala okuhle" noma "imbewu enhle" ngesi-Twi).Ngo-2002, ososayensi bekhompyutha u-John W. Romein kanye no-Henri E. Bal baxazulule umdlalo ngekhompyutha (ngaphansi kwesipelingi esithi Awari), babonisa ngokuhlaziywa kokubuyisela emuva ukuthi ukudlala okungenasici okuvela ezinhlangothini zombili kuphumela ekutolweni.
Ibhodi
- Imigqa/Amazinga: Two
- Imigodi emugqeni: 6 (often termed "houses")
- Izinqolobane: Optional storage pit (large house) at either end; each player owns the store to their right
- Imbewu ngomgodi ekuqaleni: 4 (48 seeds in total)
- Amabhodi ngokuvamile aqoshwa ngokhuni lwe-osese (Holarrhena floribunda), kanti ama-nickernut abushelelezi, ahlala isikhathi eside (Caesalpinia bonduc) asebenza njengezibali.
Indlela Yokudlala
- Umdlalo uqhubeka ngokuphikisana newashi eduze kwezindlu eziyishumi nambili.Abadlali bashintshana ngokushintshana.
- Ejikeni, umdlali ukha zonke izimbewu kwenye yezindlu eziyisithupha ezisohlangothini lwazo lwebhodi futhi azihlwanyele ngayinye ngayinye ezindlini ezilandelanayo ngokuphikisana newashi.
- Ukuphakela okuyisibopho: Uma indlu ekhethiwe iqukethe imbewu eyi-12 noma ngaphezulu, isiqephu esigcwele siyaqedwa;umgodi wokuqala othululiwe weqiwa ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyela, futhi imbewu yeshumi nambili iwela emgodini olandelayo.
- Ukuphakela okuyisibopho: Uma ophikisana naye engenazo izimbewu ezisele ohlangothini lwakhe lwebhodi ngesikhathi sakhe, umdlali osebenzayo kufanele akhethe umnyakazo owisa okungenani imbewu eyodwa ohlangothini lombangi ("ukuphakela"), okuvumela igeyimu ukuthi iqhubeke.Uma kungekho umnyakazo otholakalayo ongaletha imbewu kophikisana naye, umdlalo uyaphela.
- Igeyimu inqanyulwa lapho umdlali engakwazi ukwenza umnyakazo osemthethweni ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sakhe, lapho ukulungiselelwa kwebhodi kuphinda ngomdlali ofanayo ukuze anyakaze (ukugibela ibhayisikili okungapheli), noma ngokushesha nje lapho umdlali oyedwa ethwebule imbewu engu-25 noma ngaphezulu.
Ukubamba
- Uma imbewu yokugcina yokuhlwanyela iwela endlini yombangi futhi ilethe isibalo sembewu yaleyo ndlu ibe yibili noma emithathu ncamashi, zonke izimbewu kuleyo ndlu ziyathathwa bese zifakwa esitolo somdlali (noma zibekwe eceleni).
- Ukulahlekelwa nge-Grand Slam: Uma indlu eyandulela indlu okufikela kuyo ngokushesha (ngokulandelana kwewashi) nayo isohlangothini lombangi futhi manje iphethe izimbewu ezimbili noma ezintathu, ekuphakathi kwayo kuyathathwa futhi.Lokhu kubopha amaketango kuqhubekela emuva ngokulandelana ezindlini zombangi kuze kufike endlini engabambi izimbewu ezimbili noma ezintathu noma ukufinyelela irowu yomdlali.
- Ukulahlekelwa nge-Grand Slam: Uma ukuthwebula kuzohlubula yonke imbewu ohlangothini lwebhodi, kushiye kungenazicucu, ukuthwebula kulahlekelwa ngokuphelele.Zonke izimbewu zihlala emigodini yazo ebhodini ukuze izimbangi ziqhubeke nokudlala.(Ukwehluka kwesifunda sase-Afrika kuvumela ukuthwebula i-grand slam uma kunikezwa ngokushesha umguquli imbewu engama-25 noma ngaphezulu, okuphothula igeyimu khona manjalo).
Ukuphela Komdlalo Nokuwina
- Uma umdlalo uphela ngoba umdlali ebulawa indlala ekuqaleni kwethuba lakhe, ophikisana naye ukha zonke izimbewu ezisele ebhodini esitolo sakhe.
- Uma umdlalo uphela ngoba imbewu izungeza ingapheli ngaphandle kokuthwebula okwengeziwe okungenzeka, imbewu esele ihlukaniswa ubunikazi (umdlali ngamunye uthi imbewu ihlezi emigodini yakhe).
- Umdlali othwebula iningi lembewu (25 noma ngaphezulu) uyawina.Uma bobabili abadlali bethwebula ncamashi imbewu engu-24, umdlalo ubizwa ngokulingana.
Amanothi
- Ukudlala umdlalo kujwayelekile kumasekethe omqhudelwano: Abadlali base-Antiguan ngokwesiko bancintisana ngokunqoba oku-6 noma kuze kube yilapho umdlali oyedwa ehola ngemidlalo emi-3;imiqhudelwano yamazwe ngamazwe ivamise ukusebenzisa uchungechunge oluhamba phambili koku-5 noma oluhamba phambili koku-3;Izimbangi zama-Yoruba ngokomlando zazidlalela ukunqoba oku-3 okulandelanayo;kanye nabadlali abakumjaho we-Kumasi ukuya ekuwine imidlalo emi-5.
- Ukujwayela okudumile kwezingane okushicilelwe eJalimane kunesihloko esithi Apfelklau ("i-apple pilfer").
- Umlando ka-Ashanti ukhumbula ukuthi ngemva kweMpi YaseFeyiase (c. 1701), inkosi yakwaJuaben u-Yiadom Adarkwa wadlala u-Oware esebenzisa izinto zokubala zegolide eziqinile ngokumelene nendlovukazi yombusi kaDenkyira owayehluliwe uNtim Gyakari ngaphambi kokuba imbulale;kusukela lapho, ukudlala ngezinto zokubala zegolide kuye kwabhekwa njengebika elimnyama.
Source: Mancala World – Oware